Graphics processing enhancement by tracking object and/or primitive identifiers

ABSTRACT

Graphics processing includes setting up a plurality of objects in a scene in virtual space, each object being defined by a set of vertices. A unique object identifier is assigned to each object and written to an ID buffer. Draw calls are issued to draw the objects associated with the object identifiers. Parameter values of the vertices are manipulated to output vertex parameter values. Primitives are set up from the vertices, each primitive being defined by one or more of the vertices. Each primitive belongs to one or more of the objects. Each primitive is rasterized at a plurality of pixels. Processing the pixels includes spatial or temporal anti-aliasing that utilizes the one or more object identifiers of the plurality of object identifiers. The pixels are processed for each rasterized primitive to generate an output frame.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Tobias Berghoff, entitled “METHOD FOR EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH RESOLUTION DISPLAY BUFFERS”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13055US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Mark Evan Cerny, entitled “GRADIENT ADJUSTMENT FOR TEXTURE MAPPING TO NON-ORTHONORMAL GRID”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13057US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Tobias Berghoff, entitled “VARYING EFFECTIVE RESOLUTION BY SCREEN LOCATION BY CHANGING ACTIVE COLOR SAMPLE COUNT WITHIN MULTIPLE RENDER TARGETS”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13058US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Mark Evan Cerny, entitled “VARYING EFFECTIVE RESOLUTION BY SCREEN LOCATION BY ALTERING RASTERIZATION PARAMETERS”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13059US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Mark Evan Cerny, entitled “VARYING EFFECTIVE RESOLUTION BY SCREEN LOCATION IN GRAPHICS PROCESSING BY APPROXIMATING PROJECTION OF VERTICES ONTO CURVED VIEWPORT”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13060US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

This application is related to commonly-assigned, co-pending US patent application number ______, to Mark Evan Cerny, entitled “GRADIENT ADJUSTMENT FOR TEXTURE MAPPING FOR MULTIPLE RENDER TARGETS WITH RESOLUTION THAT VARIES BY SCREEN LOCATION”, (Attorney Docket No. SCEA13061US00), filed the same day as the present application, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to computer graphics processing.

BACKGROUND

Computer graphics processing is an intricate process used to create images that depict virtual content for presentation on a display. Modern 3D graphics are often processed using highly capable graphics processing units (GPU) having specialized architectures designed to be efficient at manipulating computer graphics. The GPU is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display, and GPUs often have a highly parallel processing architecture that makes the GPU more effective than a general-purpose CPU for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. GPUs are used in a variety of computing systems, such as embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, tablet computers, portable game devices, workstations, and game consoles.

Many modern computer graphics processes for video games and other real-time applications utilize a rendering pipeline that includes many different stages to perform operations on input data that determine the final array of pixel values that will be presented on the display. In some implementations of a graphics rendering pipeline, processing may be coordinated between a CPU and a GPU. Input data may be setup and drawing commands may be issued by the central processing unit (CPU) based on the current state of an application (e.g., a video game run by the CPU) through a series of draw calls issued to the GPU through an application programming interface (API), which may occur many times per graphics frame, and the GPU may implement various stages of the pipeline in response in order to render the images accordingly.

Most stages of the pipeline have well defined inputs and outputs as data flows through the various processing stages, and any particular implementation may include or omit various stages depending on the desired visual effects. Sometimes various fixed function operations within the graphics pipeline are implemented as hardware modules within the GPU, while programmable shaders typically perform the majority of shading computations that determine color, lighting, texture coordinates, and other visual values associated with the objects and pixels in the image, although it is possible to implement various stages of the pipeline in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Older GPUs used a predominantly fixed function pipeline with computations fixed into individual hardware modules of the GPUs, but the emergence of shaders and an increasingly programmable pipeline have caused more operations to be implemented by software programs, providing developers with more flexibility and greater control over the rendering process.

Generally speaking, early stages in the pipeline include computations that are performed on geometry in virtual space (sometimes referred to herein as “scene space”), which may be a representation of a two-dimensional or, far more commonly, a three-dimensional virtual world. The objects in the virtual space are typically represented as a polygon mesh set up as input to the early stages of the pipeline, and whose vertices correspond to the set of primitives in the image, which are typically triangles but may also include points, lines, and other polygonal shapes. The vertices of each primitive may be defined by a set of parameter values, including position values (e.g., X-Y coordinate and Z-depth values), color values, lighting values, texture coordinates, and the like, and the graphics may be processed in the early stages through manipulation of the parameter values of the vertices on a per-vertex basis. Operations in the early stages may include vertex shading computations to manipulate the parameters of the vertices in virtual space, as well as optionally tessellation to subdivide scene geometries and geometry shading computations to generate new scene geometries beyond those initially set up in the application stage. Some of these operations may be performed by programmable shaders, including vertex shaders which manipulate the parameter values of the vertices of the primitive on a per-vertex basis in order to perform rendering computations in the underlying virtual space geometry.

To generate images of the virtual world suitable for a display, the objects in the scene and their corresponding primitives are converted from virtual space to screen space. Intermediate stages may include various operations to determine the mapping of primitives to a two dimensional plane defining the screen space. Rasterization processes are used to sample the processed primitives from the early stages at discrete pixels in screen space defined for the rasterizer, as well as generate fragments for primitives which are covered by samples of the rasterizer. These intermediate operations associated with the rasterization of the scene to screen space may also include operations such as clipping primitives outside the viewing frustum of the current view and culling back-faced primitives hidden from the current view as an optimization to avoiding processing fragments that would result in unnecessary per-pixel computations for primitives that are occluded or otherwise invisible in the final image. The parameter values used as input values for each fragment are typically determined by interpolating the parameters of the vertices of the sampled primitive that created the fragment to a location of the fragment's corresponding pixel, which is typically the center of the pixel or a different sample location within the pixel, although other interpolation locations may be used in certain situations.

The pipeline may then pass the fragments and their interpolated input parameter values down the pipeline for further processing. During these later stages, per-fragment operations may be performed by invoking a pixel shader (sometimes known as a “fragment shader”) to further manipulating the input interpolated parameter values, e.g., color values, depth values, lighting, texture coordinates, and the like for each of the fragments, on a per-pixel or per-sample basis. Each fragment's coordinates in screen space correspond to the pixel coordinates and/or sample coordinates defined in the rasterization that generated them.

In the simplest case, a single sample is used per pixel corresponding to the pixel center, and a single fragment is processed for the primitive covering the pixel center. If that fragment passes a depth test, e.g., it is not occluded by another primitive at the same screen space location, then the output color values of the fragment computed by the pixel shader are written to a color buffer for those pixel coordinates, and possibly output depth values are written to a depth buffer if the pixel shader is programmed to export the depth value.

Sometimes, multiple sub-pixel samples are used for anti-aliasing, which may reduce the appearance of high frequency artifacts in sampled textures, as well as smooth jagged edges at primitive boundaries by allowing a given pixel in the color buffer to adopt a blend of output color values from different fragments computed from different primitives covering the different sub-pixel samples. Where multiple samples are used, each fragment's output may be applied to one or more sub-pixel samples covered by the primitive that generated it.

If conventional supersampling is used, a unique fragment is processed by the pixel shader for each sub-pixel sample, and its output is written to a color buffer at the sample coordinates, essentially treating the sample like a mini-pixel and rendering to a higher resolution. The higher resolution color buffer may then be down sampled to filter it down to the display resolution in the display buffer. Since a unique fragment needs to be processed by the pixel shader for each covered sample, the process is computationally demanding and significant shader overhead is introduced.

Conventional multisampling mitigates the drawbacks of supersampling somewhat by processing a single fragment with a pixel shader and applying its values to multiple covered samples in the color buffer. The simplest multisampling utilizes each sample for both color and depth, and writes depth per sample as in super-sampling, and replicates a single output color per pixel to all covered samples in each pixel. New multisampling techniques, such as coverage sampling anti-aliasing (CSAA) and enhanced quality anti-aliasing (EQAA), have arisen recently which decouple some of the color samples from the depth samples in order to more accurately sample coverage of primitive edges within a rasterizer pixel's boundaries without the additional overhead that would be incurred by adding additional depth samples. With these multisampling techniques, there are typically more color samples than depth samples in the pixel (i.e., some samples are used only for color), and a fragment is processed by the pixel shader for a primitive anytime at least one sample in a pixel is covered, and the fragment's output color values may be applied to each covered sample in the color buffer.

Some new multi-sampling techniques also allow color samples to be decoupled from depth samples, such that more accurate depth information can be generated without increasing the size of color buffer data. However, these techniques consider even those samples which have only depth information to be shaded samples, and so invoke the pixel shader for any fragment in which any sample is covered even when no color samples are covered and the output color will be discarded. Unfortunately, pixel shader calculations are computationally expensive and introduce wasted computational overhead anytime the fragment's output values do not contribute to the final display pixel values in the rendered image. In video games and other instances of real-time graphics processing, reducing computational requirements and improving computational efficiency for rendering tasks is a critical objective for achieving improved quality and detail in rendered graphics. Moreover, with the recent advent of ultra-high definition (“ultra HD” or “4k”) displays having horizontal resolutions on the order of 4000 pixels, there is a need for more efficient graphics processing methods that can keep up with advances in display technologies.

It is within this context that aspects of the present disclosure arise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present disclosure can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A-1B are schematic diagrams depicting a graphics rendering process according to a first conventional, aliased approach.

FIGS. 2A-2B are schematic diagrams depicting a graphics rendering process according to a second conventional, anti-aliased approach.

FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic diagrams depicting a graphics rendering process according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram depicting method of rendering graphics according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting a graphics rendering pipeline according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram depicting a graphics rendering system according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 7A-7D are schematic diagrams of rasterization processes and display buffers according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 8A-8D are schematic diagrams of graphics processing according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9A-9B are schematic diagrams depicting an example of unique identifiers for graphics processing elements according to aspects of the disclosure.

FIGS. 10A-10C are schematic diagrams depicting examples of the use of unique object identifiers in graphics processing in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 11A-11B are schematic diagrams depicting examples of the use of unique primitive identifiers in graphics processing in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram depicting a graphics rendering pipeline according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram depicting a graphics rendering system according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram depicting an example of a method of generating and transmitting object and primitive IDs through a graphics pipeline according aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although the following detailed description contains many specific details for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention described below are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention.

Aspects of the present disclosure describe graphics processing systems and methods which may minimize invocations to a pixel shader in order to improve efficiency in a rendering pipeline. In implementations of the present disclosure, a plurality of samples may be taken in the primitive. The samples may include both depth and color samples, with the depth sample count greater than the color sample count in each pixel. When at least one of the samples is covered, the nature of the samples which were covered by the primitive may be taken into account before invoking a pixel shader to perform shading computations. If at least one sample is covered by a primitive, but none of the samples are color samples, an invocation to a pixel shader may be avoided in certain situations.

In conventional rendering pipelines, a pixel shader would be invoked regardless of the type of sample covered by the primitive. Thus, fragment shading computations would be performed, and the color values computed by the pixel shader for the fragment would be applied to color samples associated with all depth samples covered by the primitive that generated the fragment. If a sampling scheme were to be used during conventional rasterization that had some samples used only for color, the pixel shader would be invoked even if the samples covered by the primitive were only depth samples, and the computed color values would be applied to uncovered color samples based on sample association logic.

To better appreciate certain aspects of the present disclosure, a first conventional approach to graphics processing is depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B. The example illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1B utilizes only a single sample location per pixel, which may result in pronounced aliasing artifacts in the final set of pixels.

FIG. 1A depicts a plurality of triangles 102 a,b which may each be primitives forming part of the geometry in an image to be rendered, and a set of screen space pixels 104 (or screen space pixel boundaries) overlaid over the primitives. In FIG. 1A, each screen space pixel is only sampled at a single location, which is the center of the pixel 104 in the illustrated example. This sample may be used to determine each parameter of the screen pixel, including color, depth, or another parameter. When the sample in a pixel is covered by a primitive, i.e., when the center of the screen space pixel is covered in this example, a fragment may be generated for the primitive covering the sample, and the fragment may be further processed before the final value of that screen space pixel is determined.

FIG. 1B illustrates the fragments 106 a and 106 b generated from sampling the primitives 102 a and 102 b, respectively. That is, FIG. 1B illustrates the pixels for which at least one fragment is generated for underlying primitive. As shown in FIG. 1B, fragments 106 a are generated from primitive 102 a because the samples at the center of those corresponding pixels were covered by that triangle, and likewise for fragments 106 b and primitive 102 b. The parameter values of the fragments 106 a, 106 b may be determined by interpolating the parameters of the vertices of the respective primitive 102 a, 102 b that generated the fragment to the location of the fragment. For example, the parameter values of each vertex of the triangle 102 a may be interpolated to the center of each fragment 106 a in order to determine a set of parameter values for each of these fragments 106 a, and a similar process may be performed for each of fragments 106 b using the vertex parameter values of the triangle 102 b. The parameters may include texture coordinates, normals, tangents, lighting values, color values, positions (including depth values), and the like.

Each of the fragments 106 a, 106 b and their interpolated parameter values may be further processed before determining the final pixel values of those corresponding pixels in the final rendered image. Some of these computations include pixel shading computations performed by invoking a pixel shader in order to perform additional per-fragment manipulations of colors, textures, or other fragment parameter values before determining the pixel's color values in the frame.

It can be appreciated from the illustration of FIG. 1B that the sampling scheme of this first conventional approach may result in certain aliasing artifacts at the borders of the primitives 102 a, 102 b. As can be seen in the illustrated example, some pixels may be located at the border of primitives, and the defined boundaries of these border pixels may actually be covered by multiple primitives when these primitives are mapped (e.g., projected/transformed) to the screen space coordinates of that pixel. However, since each pixel is only sampled in a single location, a fragment will be generated for one primitive or the other, but not both. That is, coverage is determined based solely on the single sample location. This may create a jagged effect (sometimes referred to as “jaggies”) in the colors and other parameters in the final image, which can be understood with reference to the staircased appearance of the fragments 106 a and 106 b at the diagonally oriented border between triangles 102 a and 102 b. Stated another way, for each of the border pixels whose boundaries cross the border of the primitives 102 a and 102 b, in the conventional aliased example of FIGS. 1A-1B the final value of the border pixel in the frame buffer will be determined by fragments generated for primitive 102 a, or 102 b, but not both, based on which primitive covers the sample, and this may result in aliasing artifacts presented in the final image.

To overcome drawbacks associated with the aliased approached described above with reference to FIGS. 1A-1B, multiple samples per-pixel are sometimes used to anti-alias the image. When a pixel's boundaries are at the border of a primitive, the different sub-pixels samples may be covered by different primitives, and the final values of the display pixel are conventionally a combination of the values from the different primitives determined by combining the different sub-pixel sample values weighted by sample covered to determine a single pixel's color value in the final display buffer.

An example of a conventional anti-aliasing scheme is depicted in FIGS. 2A-2B, and the conventional example of FIGS. 2A-2B uses the same pixels 104 and primitives 102 a, 102 b as the conventional aliased example of FIGS. 1A-1B. As shown in FIG. 2A, rather than simply taking a single sample at each the center of each pixel 104, as in the example of FIG. 1A, multiple samples are taken across the area of each pixel. In the illustrated example, samples are taken at four different locations within the boundaries of each screen pixel 104 defined for the rasterizer, and typically at least one fragment is generated from a given primitive at the screen pixel 104 if at least one of its samples is covered by the given primitive. That is, when the area of the primitive as projected onto screen space covers a sample of the pixel defined in screen space, at least one fragment may generated for further processing.

FIG. 2B depicts the fragments 206 a and 206 b generated from the sampling of the primitives 102 a and 102 b, respectively. That is, the illustrated fragments 206 a are those screen pixel boundaries where at least one fragment is processed for the underlying primitive 102 a, and the illustrated fragments 206 b are those screen pixel boundaries where at least one fragment is processed for the underlying primitive 102 b. As in the first example, a fragment is generated for the primitive when at least one pixel sample is covered by the primitive, and each fragment will have parameter values interpolated to the location of the fragment from the parameter values of the vertices of the primitive that generated it. Also similar to the first example, a pixel shader will be invoked for each of the fragments for further per-fragment pixel shading computations that may manipulate the parameters of the fragments to affect the final color value output for the fragment.

If traditional supersampling were used, multiple color fragments would be generated for each covered sample, and the individual color fragments would be uniquely shaded and applied to their corresponding sample. In this case, the output color values of each fragment would be written to the corresponding sample in screen space at what is a essentially a higher resolution color buffer, then down filtered to determine the final pixel values in the particular screen space pixel 104. Since each sample is essentially treated like a mini-pixel in supersampling, the pixel shader may use parameter values interpolated to the corresponding sample location as input for each fragment. While this achieves good results, this introduces a large amount of shader overhead, since the pixel shader is invoked once for each individual sample.

If traditional multisampling were used, a single color fragment at the pixel coordinates would be generated for the given primitive anytime at least one sample is covered by the primitive, regardless of the number of samples falling within the primitive, and the same output values of the pixel shader would then be applied to the each covered sample, e.g., if three samples are covered, one fragment may be processed and its output values may be replicated for each of the covered samples. The vertex parameter values may be interpolated to the center of the screen space pixel as input for the fragment for all of the samples (although it is noted that if the pixel center falls outside the primitive border, the interpolated value may be an extrapolation, or centroid sampling may be used to use a values interpolated to within the boundaries of the primitive). Since a pixel shader only needs to be invoked once per-pixel for each covered primitive, multisampling may reduce shader overhead significantly in situations where multiple samples are covered.

Some hybrid of the two (multisampling/supersampling hybrid) could be used to provide a configurable pixel shader iteration within a pixel, where the pixel shader is invoked multiple times for a screen pixel (e.g., multiple color fragments would be processed by the pixel shader), then each color fragment output is further applied to more than one sample. For example, 8 color samples could be taken, with 4 of these being “shaded” color samples and 4 being “stored” color samples. The pixel shader could be invoked once for each of the 4 “shaded” color samples using, resulting in a unique shaded color value for each of the shaded color samples. Then each shaded color fragment output could be applied to the shaded color sample and one or more of the “stored” color samples.

Regardless of which of these techniques, in this conventional example, for the border pixels 208, at least one fragment is generated at each pixel for both primitive 206 a and primitive 206 b. This means that the fragments 206 a which are for the border pixel locations 208 will be processed with parameter values interpolated from the vertex values of the triangle 102 a, while the fragments 206 b at these same screen space pixel locations will take on parameter values interpolated from the vertex values of the triangle 102 b. Each of the fragments 206 a and 206 b will be processed by separate invocations to the pixel shader, which may correspondingly increase the computational load compared to the aliased example of FIGS. 1A-1B due to the increased number of fragments. However, aliasing artifacts for the sampled parameters may be reduced and the quality of the final image may be improved, because the final display pixel value at each of the border pixels 208 may take on a combination of color values from the different primitives, e.g., weighted based on sample coverage. In this example, the two triangles are simply illustrated as adjacent foreground triangles for purposes of illustration, but each sample's depth value may also be used to more accurately determine with sub-pixel precision which triangles covering the pixel are in the foreground at the individual sample locations, and thus determine more accurate weights than can be determined from sample coverage alone.

The processed fragment values may then be applied to sample locations falling within the primitive that generated it, and discarded for samples falling outside the primitive. By way of example, for a given one of the border pixels 208 that has three samples covered by triangle 206 a and one sample covered by triangle 206 b (such as the fragment mapped to the top-left corner of triangle 102 b in the illustration of FIG. 2B), the final value of the color at the corresponding display pixel may be a blend that is weighted 75% towards the computed values of the corresponding fragment 206 a (e.g., ¾ sample coverage for primitive 102 a) and 25% towards the computed values of the corresponding fragment 206 b (e.g., ¼ sample coverage for primitive 102 b). This may reduce aliasing artifacts at the borders of primitives in the final image, and the effect may be most pronounced when the sampled primitives have very different color or depth parameters. For example, if the two primitives belonged to different objects and one of the primitives was in the foreground while the other primitive were in the distant background, the parameters from the different primitives may be markedly different, and the aliasing artifacts would be more pronounced. Anti-aliasing by taking samples at a plurality of different locations within the pixel may smooth out the transitions by allowing the pixel to take on values of primitives mapped to different areas of the pixel.

In the example depicted in FIG. 2A-2B, the number of sample locations is depicted as four for purposes of illustration, but any other number of samples may be taken. Generally speaking, a greater number of samples may increase the quality of anti-aliasing, but at the expense of greater computational requirements. In the conventional example of FIG. 2A-2B, each of the samples is of the same type and is used for at least color and depth, and the pixel 104 defined for the rasterizer correspond one-to-one with the final pixel values in the display buffer that are scanned out to a display.

Turning now to FIGS. 3A-3C, an implementation of the present disclosure is depicted. In the illustrated implementation, fewer color samples than depth samples are taken per pixel 104 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, resulting in a depth buffer at a higher resolution than the color buffer. According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, this may allow a display buffer to be reconstructed at the resolution of the depth buffer, without requiring a color buffer at the full display buffer resolution. This may provide a variety of benefits, including temporal and spatial anti-aliasing for more efficient rendering for any given display resolution. It is noted that color samples may generally be associated with greater computational requirements, e.g., memory bandwidth, shader overhead, and the like, than depth samples. Certain implementations of the present disclosure may utilize this fact and efficiently render graphics using information from depth samples having a higher spatial precision on the screen than the color samples.

FIG. 3A depicts the same primitives 102 a, 102 b mapped to the same screen space pixels 104 as in the previous examples of FIGS. 2A-2B and FIG. 1A-1B. As in FIG. 2A, each pixel 104 is sampled at a plurality of different locations across the pixel. However, in contrast to the example of FIG. 2A, the pixels each contain a fewer number of color samples than depth samples. Stated another way, the color sample count for each of the pixels 104 is lower than the depth or z sample count. The example depicted in FIGS. 3A-3C includes two color samples used for both color and depth, and two samples used only for depth, but other sampling patterns may be used. More generally implementations of the present disclosure may utilize any sampling scheme having a set of pixels that are sampled with one or more color samples and a plurality of depth samples per-pixel.

In this example, there is a plurality of color samples in each pixel, but it is noted that implementations of the present disclosure are applicable to situations where only a single color sample is taken. Moreover, in this example, the sampling is uniformly implemented for each of the illustrated pixels, such that each pixel contains the same number of samples of each type, and at the same locations; however, certain implementations may also use non-uniform sampling schemes for different pixels. For example, it is possible to use a sampling pattern that is different for different pixels, such as different sample locations and/or different sample counts for different pixels. It is also noted that, while each color sample in the example of FIGS. 3A-3C is used also for depth, it is possible to have some samples used only color. More generally, aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to any scheme whose entire array of pixels comprise a set of pixels wherein each pixel in the set has one or more color samples and a plurality of depth samples, and wherein the number of depth samples for each pixel in the set is greater than the number of color samples.

Turning now to FIG. 3B, the fragments 306 a and 306 b may be generated from the sampling of the primitives 102 a and 102 b, respectively, using a sampling technique having one or more color samples in each pixel and a plurality of depth samples in each pixel. That is, fragments 306 a in the illustration of FIG. 3B are those screen pixel boundaries where at least one fragment is generated for primitive 102 a, and fragments 306 b are those screen pixel boundaries where at least one fragment is generated for primitive 102 b. Taking a plurality of samples in each screen space pixel 104 at a plurality of different locations again results in a set of border pixels 308 a, 308 b that have samples covered by both adjacent primitives 102 a and 102 b, in this example. In the illustrative example of FIG. 3B, at least one fragment is generated for further processing at a given pixel from a given primitive when at least one of the pixel's samples is covered by the given primitive. In the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, fragments are generated for both primitives 102 a and 102 b at the border pixels 308 a because, for each of these pixels, at least one sample is covered by the primitive when that primitive is projected onto screen space.

It should be noted that, while the sampling pattern for the example of FIG. 3B is not conventional, the manner in which fragments are generated and processed by a pixel shader is conventional. That is, in the example of FIG. 3B, fragments are generated and a pixel is invoked accordingly, anytime at least one sample is covered by the primitive, regardless of the type of sample. However, it is important to note that, for each of the border pixels 308 a, 308 b in the illustrated example, at least one depth sample is covered by each of the primitives 102 a and 102 b, but for these same illustrated border pixels, the color samples are entirely contained within one primitive or the other, but not both. More specifically, in the illustrated example of FIG. 3B, for border pixels 308 a the color samples are covered by primitive 102 a, but not 102 b, while for border pixels 308 b the color samples are covered by primitive 102 b, but not 102 a.

A pixel shader would ordinarily be invoked and the outputs for the fragments would be applied to the samples covered by the primitive that generated the fragments according to their sample type. This means that, for those border pixels depicted in FIG. 3B where fragments are processed by the pixel, but only depth samples are covered, z-depth or stencil values computed by the pixel shader may be applied to the covered depth sample, but no color values. While it is possible to calculate z-depth values with the pixel shader, this is relatively rare and does not occur in most circumstances, since the primary purpose of the pixel shader is usually to perform shading computations that affect the fragments color values, e.g., color value manipulations, lighting values manipulations, and the like. Accordingly, using conventional rasterization and pixel shader invocation techniques in these situations simply results in wasted computations and inefficient pixel shader usage by the GPU, which decreases computational efficiency in the rendering pipeline.

Implementations of the present disclosure recognize this and may improve efficiency in the rendering pipeline by taking into account the nature of covered samples before invoking a pixel shader for the fragment. An illustrative implementation of the present disclosure is depicted in FIG. 3C.

In the illustrated example, the sample coverage ordinarily dictates that color fragments 306 a, 306 b should be generated from the primitives 102 a, 102 b for the same set of screen pixels as in FIG. 3B. However, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the grayed out boxes in FIG. 3C illustrate fragments/pixels for which a pixel shader may not be invoked for the underlying primitive because, even though at least one sample falls within the primitive, none of these samples are color samples (i.e., there are only depth samples covered). In this example, a pixel shader is invoked at least once for each border pixel 308 a for primitive 102 a, but not for primitive 102 b. Similarly, a pixel shader is invoked at least once for each of the border pixels 308 b for primitive 102 b, but not for primitive 102 a. This is because only color sample coverage may dictate invocations to the pixel shader during rasterization and pixel processing, in certain implementations of the present disclosure.

For the remaining fragments (i.e., the white/non-grayed out fragments in FIG. 3C), the pixel shader may still be invoked as normal. For each of these fragments, this may involve pixel shading computations on the interpolated parameter values of the fragments, which may be interpolated from the vertex parameter values of the primitive that generated it to the pixel center, to the sample location, or another location of the pixel, depending on the configuration and potentially on the nature of the pixel coverage. If the pixel center falls outside the primitive (even though at least one of the samples falls within the primitive), then the interpolated value may actually be an extrapolation, or centroid sampling may be used to ensure that the value is interpolated to a location within the primitive. Alternatively, some other form of interpolation may be used.

For those grayed out fragments where only a depth sample is within the primitive that generated it, the depth value may be applied during the rasterization stage, but the pixel shader may be bypassed for these fragments. The depth value may be the value interpolated from the vertices of the primitive. These depth values from each primitive may be used in depth testing (and also stencil or other tests), which may be, for example, an early depth test (e.g., EarlyZ), or hierarchical depth test (e.g., Hi-Z), and the depth values may be written to the depth buffer or discarded according to the depth testing. For fragments where a color and depth sample lies within the primitive that generated it, early depth testing during the rasterization stage may remove samples which fail the depth-stencil test, sometimes producing additional fragments which contain only depth samples, in which case pixel shader invocations may also be avoided.

It is noted that implementations of the present disclosure may improve rendering efficiency in situations where, e.g., these early depth tests are configured. Generally speaking, where early depth tests are configured, the depth value of each depth sample is checked during rasterization, and this depth value is either written to the depth buffer or discarded. When this is the case, all useful work of that depth sample has been provided, and any depth-only fragments may be discarded before those fragments are packed for pixel shader invocations.

However, in some situations, “Re-Z” or “Late-Z” depth-stencil is configured. Post-pixel shading depth-stencil test and write is used in certain situations to support pixel shader output which could change the results of that test, by modifying any of the depth, stencil, or sample coverage mask values. In these cases, the pixel shader should still be invoked, even for depth only fragments, in order for the pixel shader to produce the output depth, stencil, or sample coverage mask value.

The shaded values output from the pixel shader may then be applied to each sample during pixel processing stages. The sample values may then be used in different ways depending on the configuration of the system and the rendering pipeline. In some implementations, the multiple samples may be used for spatial and/or temporal anti-aliasing. In further implementations, the depth sample values may be stored in a full resolution depth buffer, and the color sample values may be stored in a partial resolution color buffer, e.g., with the resolutions corresponding to the number of samples, and a final display image may then be determined for the display buffer at the full z-resolution, using color values derived the partial resolution color buffer during late stage framebuffer/display buffer operations. In yet further implementations, some combination of these may be used.

Since it is often desirable to avoid modifying the z-depth, sample coverage mask, or stencil values in the pixel shader, computationally expensive invocations to a pixel shader and their associated shading computations may be avoided for these covered primitives at pixels where only depth samples are covered by the primitive. Since there may be many pixels falling on primitive borders within a frame, and many of these border pixels may have different sample locations falling on different visible primitives, yet color samples falling within only the one visible primitive, many computations may be avoided in a rendering pipeline by taking into account sample type before invoking a pixel shader. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the net effect may be a 10-20% improvement in efficiency.

It should be noted that there are some instances where a pixel shader should be invoked, even when the pixel has only depth samples and no color samples covered by the primitive. For example, in some instances the pixel shader may be configured to implement a pixel kill (or fragment kill) for the fragment (e.g., based on an output alpha blend factor test). In further instances, the pixel shader may be configured to export a Z or stencil value for the fragment, which means that the pixel shader may need to be invoked to write this Z/stencil value to the covered depth sample. In yet further instances, the pixel shader may be configured to alter the sample mask. In any of these three conditions are present, the pixel shader should still be invoked. However, if these conditions are absent, then the pixel shader invocations and the associated computations would be essentially useless.

FIG. 4 depicts an example method 400 of processing graphics in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The method 400 may be implemented within a graphics rendering pipeline to avoid invoking a pixel shader in situations similar to that depicted above with respect to FIG. 3C.

As indicated at 421, the method may involve sampling primitives using a plurality of samples for each screen space pixel. The plurality of samples may include one or more color samples and a plurality of depth samples. In certain implementations, one color sample and a plurality of depth samples are taken for each pixel. In other implementations, the plurality of samples includes both a plurality of color samples and a plurality of depth samples in each pixel for which the method 400 is applied, in which case the color sample count in each of the pixels should be less than the depth sample count. In some implementations, the screen may be sampled non-uniformly, and different screen space pixels may include different sample counts and/or different sample locations. Accordingly, it is not a strict requirement that every screen pixel include a plurality of samples at 421, so long as each screen space pixel in at least some set of pixels defined in screen space for the rasterizer includes a plurality of samples. In certain implementations, the sample coverage determined at 421 may be performed by a scan converter in a rasterization stage of a graphics rendering pipeline to sample primitives projected onto screen space at each defined screen space pixel.

Taking the samples may result in a set of pixels whose samples are covered by the primitives, as indicated at 423. In the illustration of FIG. 4, the covered pixels 423 for each given primitive refers to only those pixels having at least one sample covered by the primitive. Where a primitive border crosses within a pixel boundary, it is possible for only some of the samples to be covered by the given primitive, e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-3. It is also possible for a triangle boundary to intersect a pixel boundary without having any samples covered by the triangle. However, since this would not ordinarily result in a pixel shader invocation anyway, this situation is ignored for purposes of explanation.

As indicated at 426, an early depth test may be performed for each depth sample covered by the given primitive. This may involve, e.g., comparing an interpolated depth of each sample from the vertices of the given primitive to a current depth value for those sample coordinates. Each depth sample that fails the depth test may be discarded, as indicated at 431, while those depth samples that pass, e.g., those surviving depth samples, may be applied to the depth sample of the covered pixel by writing the depth value to the depth buffer, as indicated at 432.

If there are samples covered by the primitive which pass the depth test, the method 400 may still determine the nature of the surviving covered samples before invoking the pixel shader, as indicated at 425. Conventionally, even if an early depth test were used, the pixel shader would be invoked anytime at least one of the samples of the pixels passes the depth test. In the illustrated implementation depicted in FIG. 4, however, the system may check to see if any of those samples which survive the depth test are color samples. If it is determined that there are no color samples left that are covered by the primitive, the fragment for the pixel may be discarded, and the pixel shader is not invoked, as indicated at 433.

If, after all surviving samples have been determined by the early test, there is at least one surviving color sample that is covered by the given primitive, then a pixel shader may be invoked for the generated pixel fragment, as indicated at 434. Pixel shading computations may be performed in accordance with the pixel shader invocations, and the output of the pixel shader may then be applied to one or more render targets at the color sample location, e.g., in a color buffer, as indicated at 435. This process may be performed for each covered pixel that has at least one sample covered in the manner described above. In certain situations, this may mean that, even when a depth sample of a pixel is covered by a given primitive and passes all depth-stencil tests, a pixel shader invocation and the associated pixel shader computations may be avoided for the pixel for the given primitive. In a scene with many triangles overlapping pixel boundaries, this may provide a large boost in performance and rendering efficiency.

It is noted that stencil tests and stencil writes have been omitted from the above for purposes of explanation, but it is also possible for the early test to compare stencil values at the depth samples and for stencil values to applied to the samples to be written accordingly.

The process of determining whether to invoke the pixel shader in accordance with the nature of the sample coverage may be performed for each covered pixel in a given primitive, and similarly may be performed for the covered pixels of each primitive in a scene. It is noted that the operations for different ones of the covered pixels may be performed in parallel by a processing unit, e.g., a GPU.

According to aspects of the present disclosure, considering whether or not to invoke the pixel shader for a given covered pixel may also take into account other considerations beyond solely whether there are any covered color samples that pass early depth tests. For example, there are some situations where the pixel shader might still be invoked for a given fragment for a pixel having samples covered by the given fragment, even though there are no covered color samples (e.g., only depth samples are covered). In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to kill the covered pixel (or kill the fragment). In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to export a Z or stencil value for the covered depth sample. In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to alter the sample mask. In these implementations, the early depth test may be omitted, e.g., a depth test may be performed after the pixel shader for each covered sample. In these situations, the pixel shader may be invoked in a conventional manner.

In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to kill the covered pixel (or kill the fragment). In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to export a Z or stencil value for the covered depth sample. In some implementations, determining whether or not to invoke a pixel shader may also include determining whether or not the pixel shader is configured to alter the sample mask. In these implementations, the early depth test may be omitted, e.g., a depth test may be performed after the pixel shader for each covered sample. In these situations, the pixel shader may be invoked in a conventional manner.

FIG. 5 depicts an illustrative graphics processing method 500 in accordance with a rendering pipeline configured to implement aspects of the present disclosure. The illustrative rendering pipeline depicted in FIG. 5 may incorporate the method 400 of FIG. 4 in order to minimize invocations to a pixel shader in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

The rendering pipeline 500 may be configured to render graphics as images that depict a scene which may have a preferably three-dimensional geometry in virtual space (sometimes referred to herein as “scene space”), but potentially a two-dimensional geometry. Throughout the rendering pipeline, data may be read from and written to one or more memory units, which are generally denoted in FIG. 5 as graphics memory 520. The graphics memory may contain video memory and/or hardware state memory, including various buffers and/or graphics resources utilized in the rendering pipeline. One or more individual memory units of the graphics memory 520 may be embodied as one or more video random access memory unit(s), one or more caches, one or more processor registers, etc., depending on the nature of data at the particular stage in rendering. Accordingly, it is understood that graphics memory 520 refers to any processor accessible memory utilized in the graphics rendering pipeline. A processing unit, such as a specialized GPU, may be configured to perform various operations in the pipeline and read/write to the graphics memory 520 accordingly.

The early stages of the pipeline may include operations performed in scene space before the scene is rasterized and converted to screen space as a set of discrete picture elements suitable for output on the pixels display device. Throughout the pipeline, various resources contained in the graphics memory 520 may be utilized at the pipeline stages and inputs and outputs to the stages may be temporarily stored in buffers contained in the graphics memory before the final values of the images are determined.

The rendering pipeline may operate on input data 522, which may include one or more virtual objects defined by a set of vertices that are set up in scene space and have geometry that is defined with respect to coordinates in the scene. The input data 522 utilized in the rendering pipeline 500 may include a polygon mesh model of the scene geometry whose vertices correspond to the primitives processed in the rendering pipeline in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, and the initial vertex geometry may be set up in the graphics memory during an application stage implemented by a CPU.

The early stages of the pipeline may include some form of primitive processing 523, in which the vertex indices that comprise a primitive are received, or alternatively the vertex indices that comprise a higher order structures such as strips are received and transformed into primitives such as triangles.

The groups of vertex indices produced by primitive processing 523 may be passed to what is broadly categorized as a vertex processing stage 524 in FIG. 5, and this may include various computations to process the vertices of the objects in scene space geometry. As the same vertex index may appear in multiple primitives it is beneficial to detect unique vertex indices, so the vertex processing stage 524 may include unique index detection 525 that ensures that vertex related computations only occur once per unique index regardless of the number of primitives that a given unique index may be included within. This vertex processing stage 524 may also include vertex shading computations 526, which may manipulate various parameter values of the vertices in the scene, such as position values (e.g., X-Y coordinate and Z-depth values), color values, lighting values, texture coordinates, and the like. Preferably, the vertex shading computations 526 are performed by one or more programmable vertex shaders. The vertex processing stage may also optionally include additional vertex processing computations, such as tessellation and geometry shader computations 528, which may be used to subdivide primitives and generate new vertices and new geometries in scene space. Once the stage referred to as vertex processing 524 is complete, at this stage in the pipeline the scene is defined by a set of vertices which each have a set of vertex parameter values 546, which may be stored in vertex buffers in the graphics memory.

The pipeline 500 may then proceed to rasterization processing stages 530 associated with converting the scene geometry into screen space and a set of discrete picture elements, i.e., pixels used during the rendering pipeline, although it is noted that the term pixel does not necessarily mean that the pixel corresponds to a display pixel value in the final display buffer image. The virtual space geometry may be transformed to screen space geometry through operations that may essentially compute the projection of the objects and vertices from scene space to the viewing window (or “viewport) of the scene that is made up of a plurality of discrete screen space pixels sampled by the rasterizer. The rasterization processing stage 530 depicted in FIG. 5 may include primitive assembly operations 532, which may set up the primitives defined by each set of vertices in the scene. Each vertex may be defined by an index, and each primitive may be defined with respect to these vertex indices, which may be stored in index buffers in the graphics memory 520. The primitives should include at least triangles that are defined by three vertices each, but may also include point primitives, line primitives, and other polygonal shapes. During the primitive assembly stage 532, certain primitives may optionally be culled. For example, those primitives whose indices indicate a certain winding order may be considered to be back-facing and may be culled from the scene.

After primitives are assembled, the rasterization processing stages may include scan conversion operations 534, which may sample the primitives at each discrete pixel and generate fragments from the primitives for further processing when the samples are covered by the primitive. In implementations of the present disclosure, for at least some of the screen space pixels, scan conversion 534 may take a plurality of samples within each pixel. The plurality of samples within each of these pixels may include one or more color samples and a plurality of depth samples. In certain implementations, different pixels may be sampled differently. For example, some edge pixels may contain a lower sampling density than center pixels to optimize certain aspects of the rendering for head mounted displays (HMDs). In some implementations of the present disclosure, scan conversion may also include pre-pixel-shader depth tests and depth updates in some rendering configurations. In these cases, depth samples may be tested, their values may be checked against depth values in a depth buffer (and possible stencil buffer), and the depth sample values 549 in the depth buffer may be updated when they pass the tests (and possibly stencil values may be updated in a stencil buffer based on a stencil test).

The fragments (or “pixels”) generated from the primitives during scan conversion 534 may have parameter values that may be interpolated to the locations of the pixels from the vertex parameter values 546 of the vertices of the primitive that created them. The rasterization stage 530 may include parameter interpolation operations 536 stage to compute these interpolated fragment parameter values 548, which may be used as inputs for further processing at the later stages of the pipeline, and parameter interpolation may also include interpolation of depth values from the vertex depth values primitives covering the depth samples, which may or may not be used as input fragment values to the pixel shader, depending on the configuration.

The pipeline 500 may include further pixel processing operations, indicated generally at 540 in FIG. 5, to further manipulate the interpolated parameter values 548, as well perform further operations determining how the fragments and/or interpolated values contribute to the final pixel values for display. Some of these pixel processing tasks may include pixel shading computations 542 that may be used to further manipulate the interpolated parameter values 548 of the fragments. The pixel shading computations may be performed by a programmable pixel shader, and pixel shader invocations 538 may be initiated based on the sampling of the primitives during the rasterization processing stages 530. In implementations of the present disclosure, the pixel shader invocations 538 may be determined in accordance with the method 400 of FIG. 4, and a pixel shader may not be invoked for certain covered pixels, when none of the covered samples are color samples.

The pixel shading computations 542 may output values to one or more buffers in graphics memory 520, sometimes referred to as render targets. In some implementations, multiple render targets (MRTs) may be used, in which case the pixel shader may be able to output multiple independent values for each per-pixel or per-sample output. The pixel processing 540 may include render output operations 544, which may include what are sometimes known as raster operations (ROP). Render output operations 544 may include depth tests, stencil tests, and/or other operations in order to determine whether fragment values processed by the pixel shader, and possibly interpolated depth values not processed by the pixel shader, should be written to a color buffer and/or depth buffer, and some of the render output operations may be performed after the pixel shading computations 542 or before the pixel shading computations 542 as an optimization. The final color values and depth values per sample may be determined in accordance with the render output operations 544, which may be stored as one or more back buffers to the display buffer (sometimes known as a “frame buffer”).

According to certain aspects, the method 500 may also include display processing 551, which may process an entire scene's worth of draw calls computed into color/depth buffers according the stages described above, and determine a final array of display pixel values 552 that may make up a finished graphics frame 554 for presentation on a display. Display processing 551 may be a final step that occurs after many draw commands flow through the aforementioned stages, and may include rendering full screen passes (e.g., trivial screen-aligned polygons which cover the entire screen, or computational jobs which may work directly on the color/depth sample buffer data 549. In certain implementations, a higher resolution color buffer output may be resolved from a lower resolution depth buffer using during display processing 551. In accordance with certain aspects, it is also possible to apply spatial and/or temporal anti-aliasing during this stage. The finished frame 554 may be stored in a display buffer and may optionally be scanned out of the display buffer for presentation on a display device in real-time.

It is noted that any stages of the pipeline may be implemented in hardware modules, software modules (e.g., one or more individual or unified shader programs), or some combination thereof.

Turning now to FIG. 6, an illustrative example of a computing system 600 that is configured to render graphics in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is depicted. The system 600 may be configured to render graphics for an application 665 with in accordance with aspects described above. According to aspects of the present disclosure, the system 600 may be an embedded system, mobile phone, personal computer, tablet computer, portable game device, workstation, game console, and the like.

The system may generally include a processor and a memory configured to implemented aspects of the present disclosure, e.g., by performing a method having features in common with the methods of FIGS. 4 and/or 5. In the illustrated example, the processor includes a central processing unit (CPU) 670, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 671, and a memory 672. The memory 672 may optionally include a main memory unit that is accessible to both the CPU and GPU, and portions of the main memory may optionally include portions of the graphics memory 650. The CPU 670 and GPU 671 may each include one or more processor cores, e.g., a single core, two cores, four cores, eight cores, or more. The CPU 670 and GPU 671 may be configured to access one or more memory units using a data bus 676, and, in some implementations, it may be useful for the system 600 to include two or more different buses.

The memory 672 may include one or more memory units in the form of integrated circuits that provides addressable memory, e.g., RAM, DRAM, and the like. The graphics memory 650 may temporarily store graphics resources, graphics buffers, and other graphics data for a graphics rendering pipeline. The graphics buffers may include, e.g., one or more vertex buffers for storing vertex parameter values and one or more index buffers for storing vertex indices. The graphics buffers may also include a one or more render targets 693, which may include both color buffers 694 and depth buffers 696 holding pixel/sample values computed according to aspects of the present disclosure. In certain implementations, the color buffers 694 and/or depth buffers 696 may be used to determine a final array of display pixel color values to be stored in a display buffer 697, which may make up a final rendered image intended for presentation on a display. In certain implementations, the display buffer may include a front buffer and one or more back buffers, and the GPU 671 may be configured to scanout graphics frames from the front buffer of the display buffer 697 for presentation on a display 686.

The CPU may be configured to execute CPU code, which may include an application 665 utilizing rendered graphics (such as a video game) and a corresponding graphics API 667 for issuing draw commands or draw calls to programs implemented by the GPU 671 based on the state of the application 665. The CPU code may also implement physics simulations and other functions.

The GPU may be configured to operate as discussed above with respect illustrative implementations of the present disclosure. To support the rendering of graphics, the GPU may execute shaders 673, which may include vertex shaders and pixel shaders. The GPU may also execute other shader programs, such as, e.g., geometry shaders, tessellation shaders, compute shaders, and the like. The GPU may also include specialized hardware modules 698, which may include one or more texture mapping units and/or other hardware modules configured to implement operations at one or more stages of a graphics pipeline similar to the pipeline depicted in FIG. 5, which may be fixed function operations. The shaders 673 and hardware modules 698 may interface with data in the memory 650 and the buffers 693 at various stages in the pipeline before the final pixel values are output to a display. The shaders 673 and/or other programs configured to be executed by the processor of the system 600 to implement aspects of the graphics processing techniques described herein may be stored as instructions in a non-transitory computer readable medium. The GPU may include a rasterizer module 695, which may be optionally embodied in a hardware module 698 of the GPU, a shader 673, or a combination thereof. The rasterization module 695 may be configured take multiple samples of primitives for screen space pixels and invoke one or more pixel shaders according to the nature of the samples, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

The system 600 may also include well-known support functions 677, which may communicate with other components of the system, e.g., via the bus 676. Such support functions may include, but are not limited to, input/output (I/O) elements 679, power supplies (P/S) 680, a clock (CLK) 681, and a cache 682. The apparatus 600 may optionally include a mass storage device 684 such as a disk drive, CD-ROM drive, flash memory, tape drive, blu-ray drive, or the like to store programs and/or data. The device 600 may also include a display unit 686 to present rendered graphics 687 to a user and user interface unit 688 to facilitate interaction between the apparatus 600 and a user. The display unit 686 may be in the form of a flat panel display, cathode ray tube (CRT) screen, touch screen, head mounted display (HMD) or other device that can display text, numerals, graphical symbols, or images. The display 686 may display rendered graphics 687 processed in accordance with various techniques described herein. The user interface 688 may one or more peripherals, such as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, game controller, touch screen, and/or other device that may be used in conjunction with a graphical user interface (GUI). In certain implementations, the state of the application 660 and the underlying content of the graphics may be determined at least in part by user input through the user interface 688, e.g., in video gaming implementations where the application 665 includes a video game.

The system 600 may also include a network interface 690 to enable the device to communicate with other devices over a network. The network may be, e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network such as the internet, a personal area network, such as a Bluetooth network or other type of network. Various ones of the components shown and described may be implemented in hardware, software, or firmware, or some combination of two or more of these.

FIGS. 7A-7D illustrative examples of a sampling pattern is depicted, along with corresponding display buffers that may be computed from the sampling pattern in accordance with certain implementations of the present disclosure. FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate certain aspects of why it may be advantageous to sample pixels with a fewer number of color samples than depth samples in certain implementations of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 7A, screen space may be defined by a plurality of pixels 104, e.g., pixel boundaries or pixel coordinates for the rasterizer, which may each include a plurality of samples in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. A plurality of samples may be taken for each pixel 104, and each sample may have an associated value determined during the rendering process, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7A, the plurality of samples in each screen space pixel 104 may include a fewer number of color samples than depth samples. That is, the depth sample count may be higher than the color sample count in each screen space pixel 104. During rendering, values computed for individual samples from the rasterization of primitives and pixel shading of corresponding fragments may be determined in accordance with certain principles herein, and only the illustrated color samples may be used to shade color values during rendering, while some of the depth samples may be used only for depth.

FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram depicting a high resolution depth buffer 711 that may be computed using the sampling process depicted in FIG. 7A. FIG. 7C depicts a color buffer 713 that may be computed using the same sampling process depicted in FIG. 7A. As can be seen in the figures, in implementations of the present disclosure, the color buffer 713 that is rendered to during pixel processing may have a lower resolution than the depth buffer 711 that is rendered to. FIG. 7D depicts a final display buffer 715 that may be reconstructed from the full resolution depth buffer 711 using the color values derived from the partial resolution color buffer 713.

Broadly speaking, the values in the depth buffer 711 may be used during the rendering process to determine with full spatial precision which color values in the color buffer 713 should be applied to which pixels in the full display buffer 715, without rendering a unique color value for each display pixel in the full display resolution 715. Preferably, the full display resolution has a display pixel density for 4 k resolution (e.g., 3840×2160) so that the rendered display image is suitable for what are commonly known as ultra-high definition displays. However, aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to improving rendering efficiency for any display buffer resolution by utilizing a partial resolution color buffer having a fewer number of rendered color samples or color pixel values than the number of display pixels in the display buffer. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the full display resolution may be standard high definition (e.g., on the order 2 k horizontal resolution) and graphics may be rendered in the standard HD resolution with improved efficiency by utilizing a lower resolution color buffer than the full HD resolution.

It should be noted that memory bandwidth requirements and computational overhead associated with computing values for color samples may be generally higher than those for depth. For example, it is common for modern rendering techniques to output more color data per pixel via Multiple Render Targets (MRTs) than depth data per pixel (for example 160-bits total of color data vs. 32-bit depth), which puts a greater burden on memory resources at a given color buffer resolution vs. a comparable depth buffer resolution during the rendering pipeline. Moreover, since a pixel shader generally must be invoked for color samples so that shading computations and associated parameter values may be computed and applied to each color sample falling within a pixel's boundaries, pixel shader overhead may be significantly reduced by utilizing fewer color samples and a correspondingly lower resolution color buffer, as shown in FIG. 7C, then applying those color samples to the full resolution display buffer containing the final frame image accordingly. Often, depth values are not modified by a pixel shader during pixel processing, so shader overhead may be reduced in certain situations utilizing the sampling scheme depicted in FIG. 7A, by avoiding pixel shader invocations unless a color sample falls within a screen space pixel's boundaries for a given primitive.

In order to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, FIG. 8A depicts an example of a set of screen space pixels 104 used to rasterize a pair of primitives 817 a and 817 b, using a sampling pattern across the screen space pixels similar to the example depicted in FIG. 7A. In the example depicted in FIG. 8A, the primitive 217 a is a background triangle that is partially occluded by the foreground triangle 217 b to illustrate certain aspects of how a full resolution depth buffer may be used to accurately reconstruct color values for a full resolution display buffer using only a partial resolution color buffer, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 7A-7D. In this simplified example, it is assumed that the triangles 817 a and 817 b are not further occluded by other primitives in the scene.

As shown in FIG. 8A, one of the screen space pixels 104 a is covered by both of the primitives 817 a and 817 b based on the depth sample coverage. “Covered” means that, when the primitive's boundaries are projected to screen space, the sample falls within the primitive's boundaries. However, only one color sample is used in this screen space pixel 104 a (color and depth sample in the top left corner), and, in this example, the color sample of screen space pixel 104 a is covered by only triangle 817 a. Since this color sample is not otherwise occluded, based on the depth of this sample, this sample will take on color values computed for the primitive 817 a in the color buffer. Similarly, for screen space pixel 104 b in the illustrated example, one color sample is taken (top left corner) which is covered by triangle 817 b. Since this color sample is not otherwise occluded, based on the depth of this sample, this sample will take on color values computed for the primitive 817 b in the color buffer, e.g., color buffer similar to that shown in FIG. 7C. Likewise, the depth samples for the screen space coordinates of these same color samples will take on depth values computed from their respective primitives.

As shown in FIG. 8A, a greater number of depth samples are taken for the rasterizer pixel 104 a than color samples. In the illustrated example, the background triangle 817 a is occluded by triangle 817 b at the depth sample in the top right corner of rasterizer pixel 104 a. This means that this sample will take on a value in the depth buffer computed for the triangle 817 b, since the depth sample covered by triangle 817 a will fail a depth test and be discarded. As a consequence of this, the value may be significantly different (i.e., lower depth/closer to the screen) than the value for the top left depth sample for which the color sample is computed. Also note that this depth sample will take on a value that may be similar or identical to the depth value of the color sample covered by triangle 817 b.

FIG. 8B illustrates how this information may be used to efficiently reconstruct a high resolution display buffer in more detail. FIG. 8B depicts the sample primitives 817 a and 817 b overlaid over the same samples, but now the reconstructed display buffer pixels intended for presentation on a display are depicted overlying those samples. In this example, the display buffer has a resolution equivalent to the full resolution of the depth buffer made up of an array of depth samples. For the display buffer pixel 819 which corresponds to that portion of the triangle 817 a that is occluded by triangle 817 b, it is desirable that this display pixel derive its color values from a color sample taken from the foreground triangle 817 b, not the occluded triangle 817 a. In this example, this means that display pixel 819 may derive its color values from the color sample at 821, even though this sample is significantly farther away in screen space (i.e., farther away vertically/horizontally in X-Y screen coordinates) than other color samples. In fact, it may have been computed from a fragment or quad fragment at a completely different location in screen space. However, the appropriate color sample 821 from which to derive a display pixel's values may be determined based on the depth information. Since the depth at 819 and within the triangle 817 b are different from the surrounding areas, this indicates that the color for each of these display pixels should be derived from within the area having the different depth, e.g., color sample 821 in this example, even though the color sample from triangle 817 a is closer in screen space and immediately adjacent to the pixel in this example.

In order to further illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, FIG. 8C-8D depict a schematic diagram of a simplified process flow for computing the full resolution display buffer values and partial resolution color buffer values from the primitives depicted in FIG. 8A. FIG. 8C depicts an illustrative process for primitive 817 a, while FIG. 8B depicts an illustrative process for primitive 817 b. The example process flows in FIGS. 8C-8D may be a simplified visualization of how data may flow through a graphics pipeline, such as in accordance with the rendering pipeline of FIG. 5.

As shown in FIG. 8C, the primitive 817 a is sampled with a plurality of samples in the screen space pixel 104 a (or rasterization pixel). This single pixel does not necessarily correspond to a single pixel of the final display image, but its defined boundaries may actually encompass multiple display image pixels, e.g., four in this example, when the full resolution graphics frame is reconstructed. As shown at a), the primitive is rasterized and sample coverage is determined for the triangle. In this example, three samples are covered by the triangle, the lone color sample in the pixel and three depth samples. As shown at b) of FIG. 8C, values are computed for each of the sample values for the corresponding parameter, i.e., color parameters and/or other parameters which affect color may be manipulated by a pixel shader for the covered color sample to determine a set of color values for this sample, while depth values may be computed for each of the three depth samples, and these values may or may not be values exported by the pixel shader. The values may be computed using parameters interpolated from the vertices of the primitive. As shown in FIG. 8C, since the sample in the bottom right of the rasterizer pixel is not covered by the primitive, no depth values will be applied to this sample from this particular triangle 817 a, as shown in FIG. 8C. The values may undergo per-sample operations, which may include a depth test for each of the samples before final sample values from the fragment/pixel are written to the samples in the depth buffer. As shown at c) in FIG. 8C, in this example, the top right sample fails the depth test, and its depth value may be discarded, because it is occluded by the depth value for the triangle 817 b. It should be noted that while the depth test is depicted as being after the final sample values are computed in FIG. 8C, it may optionally be performed before, as an optimization to avoid unnecessary computations for samples/pixels that may fail the tests and be discarded. As shown in d) at FIG. 8C, the computed sample values may be written to the full resolution depth buffer and the partial resolution color buffer.

As shown in FIG. 8D, a similar process is applied to primitive 817 b. As in FIG. 8C, the primitive 817 b is rasterized using a sampling scheme having a fewer number of color samples than depth samples in each pixel. Color and depth values are computed for each sample, and they may be depth tested before they are written to the color samples and depth samples in the display buffer. This triangle 817 b is covered by multiple pixels in this example; however, the primitive covers only depth samples in the top pixel and pixel shader computations may be omitted for this pixel in certain situations. The bottom pixel contains the sole covered color sample, and this sample may be shaded using a pixel shader. As shown in c), the samples may be depth tested before they are stored in the color/depth display buffers, as shown in FIG. 8D. Because the depth value at the sample coordinates of the color sample is similar to all those depth samples covered by the primitive, final display pixel colors may be efficiently derived from color sample for pixels at all those depth sample coordinates, with high spatial precision provided by the depth samples that avoids the need to shade color values at the full resolution.

It is noted that while the above is a detailed example of how a sampling scheme may utilize many samples only for depth, such a multiple sampling scheme may be useful for other purposes. For example, temporal anti-aliasing may be implemented between frames, reconstructing full resolution color derived at depth samples in different frames. The multiple samples may also be useful for other anti-aliasing schemes.

Identifiers

In some situations, it may be difficult to determine final display buffer pixel values based solely on depth values as described above. For example, as differentiation in depth is used when determining how display pixels derive their values from color samples in the color buffer, if an object is a rock that sticks out just a little bit from the ground below, lack of clear differentiation between the Z values of the rock and Z values of the surrounding ground may make it difficult to determine proper color values for the display pixels. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure further include unique identifiers that can be tracked through various stages of the rendering pipeline in order to better differentiate and more precisely reconstruct color values for display pixels.

FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate examples of unique identifiers (IDs) according to aspects of the present disclosure to facilitate the reconstruction. As shown in FIG. 9A, unique object identifiers (object IDs) (e.g., OID1 and OID2 in FIG. 9A) may be assigned to each object in a rendered frame in order to better differentiate pixel values as data flows through the rendering pipeline. As shown in FIG. 9A, aspects of the present disclosure also include unique primitive identifiers (primitive IDs) (e.g., PID1, PID2, PID3, . . . ) that may be assigned to each primitive during the rendering process. As shown in FIG. 9B, in certain implementations, it is also possible to track IDs, including object IDs and/or primitive IDs across frames, e.g., as shown in FIG. 9B.

Ordinarily, primitives are rasterized and then the fragments/samples are processed individually in the later stages of the pipeline, but there is otherwise no way of knowing which object or which primitive a particular pixel/sample value belongs to. As a result, with conventional techniques, a final color buffer or depth buffer for any particular frame is essentially just an array of values. While some differentiation may be identified based solely on depth in certain instances, unique object IDs and unique primitive IDs may make it very easy to differentiate.

Turning now to FIG. 10A, an illustrative example of the use of unique object identifiers in graphics processing in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is depicted. FIG. 10A depicts an array of color and depth sample values that may be computed in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 10A, for the display pixel 1019, it is desirable for that pixel to derive its color values from the color sample at 1021, since that color belongs to the same foreground object, and the other color samples that are actually closer to the pixel 1019 in screen space coordinates belong to the occluded object. However, without object identifiers, it may be difficult to determine this based solely on Z-depth, as the depth values of the occluding and occluded object may be relatively close to each other. However, as shown in FIG. 10B, this may be easy to determine when unique object IDs are assigned to each of the pixel/sample values and stored in memory, e.g., OID2 for pixel 1019, as shown in FIG. 10B.

In certain implementations, it may be beneficial to track object and/or primitive IDs from frame to frame. FIG. 10C depicts an illustrative example of two frames, Frame 1 and Frame 2, to further illustrate the benefits. As OID2 changes position from frame to frame, it may no longer cover the most appropriate color sample. When OID2 is tracked for the values, it becomes very easy to use the previous frame's color sample value at the tip of the object for display pixel 1019, as shown in Frame 2.

Turning now to FIG. 11A, an illustrative example of the use of primitive IDs, e.g., triangle IDs or IDs for other primitives, is depicted. Where primitive IDs (PIDs) are assigned to the individual primitives making up the object 1133, detailed knowledge about hard edges in the scene can be determined during the rendering process (note that individual primitives are not depicted in the illustration of FIG. 11A, but it can be considered to be made up of individual triangle primitives each having a unique PID). Moreover, as shown in FIG. 11B, tracking individual primitive IDs, e.g., PID2, may provide detailed knowledge about flow within a scene.

In certain implementations, it is desirable to have frame to frame consistency for object IDs and/or primitive IDs. Accordingly, rather than simply incrementing the object ID, which would result in different object IDs for the same object is drawn in different frames with different draw calls, the object ID may be programmatically chosen, e.g., through API in coordination with a GPU. For example, during application processing at a stage in the pipeline where initial data is set up and draw calls are issued, the application programming may be configured to set up object IDs via the command buffer, which may occur before the draw call. In this way when the same object is redrawn multiple times within a sequence of frames, it is assigned the same object ID.

In some implementations, an object ID is added to a primitive ID so that the object ID and primitive ID can be written out together to a buffer as the result of the addition.

In some implementations, a logical OR operation is performed between an object ID and a primitive ID so that the object ID and primitive ID can be written out together to a buffer as the result of the logical OR. Turning now to FIG. 12, an illustrative example of a computing system 1200 that is configured to render graphics in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is depicted. The system 1200 is configured in much the same way as system 600 of FIG. 6. Identical reference numerals are used in FIG. 12 to refer to elements common to both FIG. 6 and FIG. 12. The discussion of these common elements has been omitted for the sake of simplicity since the relevant discussion has already been set forth hereinabove.

In certain implementations, the GPU 671 includes an ID tracker module 1269, which may be implemented as one of the hardware modules 698, as software running on one or more processor cores of the GPU, or a combination thereof. The ID tracker module 1269 is configured to write to one or more dedicated ID buffers 1399 that store object IDs, primitive IDs, or both object and primitive IDs in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The ID tracker module 1269 can be implemented in software or using dedicated hardware, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or a system on chip (SoC or SOC).

As used herein and as is generally understood by those skilled in the art, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.

As used herein and as is generally understood by those skilled in the art, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing—hence “field-programmable”. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an ASIC.

As used herein and as is generally understood by those skilled in the art, a system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single chip substrate. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems.

A typical SoC includes the following hardware components:

-   -   One or more processor cores (e.g., microcontroller,         microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) cores.     -   Memory blocks, e.g., read only memory (ROM), random access         memory (RAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only         memory (EEPROM) and flash memory.     -   Timing sources, such as oscillators or phase-locked loops.     -   Peripherals, such as counter-timers, real-time timers, or         power-on reset generators. External interfaces, e.g., industry         standards such as universal serial bus (USB), FireWire,         Ethernet, universal synchronous/asynchronous         receiver/transmitter (USART), serial peripheral interface (SPI)         bus.     -   Analog interfaces including analog to digital converters (ADCs)         and digital to analog converters (DACs).     -   Voltage regulators and power management circuits.

These components are connected by either a proprietary or industry-standard bus. Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers route data directly between external interfaces and memory, bypassing the processor core and thereby increasing the data throughput of the SoC.

A typical SoC includes both the hardware components described above, and executable instructions (e.g., software or firmware) that controls the processor core(s), peripherals and interfaces.

The system 1200 is configured to implement a graphics pipeline in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Such implementation can be achieved in software, in hardware, or in some combination of hardware and software. In certain implementations, the memory 672, e.g., the graphics memory 650, includes ID buffers 1399 and command buffers 1259, the operation of which is explained in the discussion of FIG. 13 below.

To better appreciate additional aspects of the present disclosure, a graphics rendering pipeline 1300 is depicted in FIG. 13. The rendering pipeline 1300 may optionally include any of the aspects depicted in the rendering pipeline depicted in FIG. 5, and many aspects of the pipeline that may optionally be in common with the rendering pipeline of FIG. 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals used above in the description of FIG. 5. The discussion of these common elements has been omitted for the sake of simplicity since the relevant discussion has already been set forth hereinabove. Aspects of the description of FIG. 13 below are described with reference to elements of the system 1200 depicted in FIG. 12.

In the pipeline 1300, application processing 1302 by the CPU results in draw calls 1304 to the GPU 671. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the application 665 could perform physics simulations involving virtual objects in a portion of a virtual space. The physics simulations produce values corresponding to the locations one or more objects at one or more instances of time. The application 665 may represent the objects by collections of vertices in virtual space. To render graphical depictions of these objects, the application 665 sends relevant information, e.g., virtual space locations of objects and/or vertices to the graphics API 667, which can issue the draw calls 1304. In some implementations, object IDs may be set via the command buffer 1259 during application processing 1302. This may occur prior to the draw calls 1304.

As part of each draw call, the graphics API 667 may provide the input data 522, which can include vertex coordinates and/or other vertex information. In certain implementations, the additional vertex information in the initial data includes a unique object ID for each unique object set up in the input data 522. The object IDs may be set up via the command buffer 1259 and stored in the ID buffers 1399. The objects may be programmatically defined by the application 665 in such a way that when the same object is drawn multiple times across asequence of frames, the object will always be associated with the same object ID.

In certain implementations, the primitive processing 523 generates a unique primitive ID for each primitive. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the primitive ID (PIDs) could be generated by assigning a primitive ID of zero to the first primitive of an object, and by incrementing the primitive ID for each subsequent primitive in the object.

In some implementations, vertex shading computations 526 may be used to generate the primitive ID, but as this may require fully or partially disabling the unique index detection 525, in many cases higher performance may be achieved by performing the primitive ID generation in the primitive processing 523. Accordingly, in certain implementations, it may be preferable to assign primitive IDs during a primitive process stage 523, which may be implemented using a dedicated hardware module of a GPU to achieve higher performance.

According to certain implementations, vertex shaders implementing the vertex shading computations 526 may be configured to generate the object IDs. For example, in some situations, instanced geometry is used to render what is basically multiple copies of the same mesh in a scene at once, e.g., in an instanced draw call. Although some vertex data may be duplicated across instances, it is possible for each instance to have other differentiating parameters. In certain implementations, when rendering objects using instanced geometry, (e.g., different instances that may have similar vertex geometry or meshes) the specific instances combined into the instanced draw call typically vary from frame to frame. In this case, the vertex shader can generate object IDs for each instance in such a manner that the object ID used for each instance is consistent within a sequence of frames. This may be useful because, even though each instance may be derived from the similar meshes, it is preferable to differentiate each instance as a unique object with a unique object ID.

In some implementations, tessellation shader computations 1329 can contribute to generation of the primitive IDs. Tessellation computations 1329 that subdivide scene geometries could provide information used in the process of generating primitive IDs from higher level combinations of two or more primitives, sometimes referred to as patches. For example, the tessellation shader 1329 could generate one or more primitive IDs for each new patch instance, e.g., by incrementing the primitive identifier PID for every instance of a patch input. Alternatively, the primitive processing 523 could perform this operation, or could increment the primitive ID for each patch input.

In other implementations, geometry shading computations 1331 that generate new scene geometries beyond those initially set up by the application 665 can also produce information useful in generating primitive IDs. In further implementations, the primitive ID for each input primitive received by a geometry shader can be incremented by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of output primitives supported by the object to which the input primitives belong, and the vertex shading computations 526 associated with the geometry shader or the primitive processing 523 can subsequently increment this value. In yet further implementations, the vertex shading computations 526 associated with the geometry shader could be solely responsible for generating the primitive ID.

In certain implementations, the pixel shaders may be configured to access the primitive IDs and/or object IDs from the ID buffers 1399 during pixel shader computations 542. The ID tracker module 1269 can track the IDs for objects and primitives within a frame and from frame to frame. The general flow of such implementations can be understood with reference to FIG. 14, which illustrates a graphics processing method 1400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The method can be implemented by the system 1200 in hardware or in software or in some combination of hardware and software.

The method 1400 begins with the setup of the geometry 1402 for a frame to be displayed on the display device 686. The geometry setup typically involves those portions of the application processing 1302 that set up the objects in the virtual space that are represented, e.g., as a polygon mesh with vertices that are used to define primitives in an image. The geometry setup can also determine which objects (or portions of objects) in the virtual space are part of the view frustum that will be rendered as the frame. Unique object IDs are assigned to each object that is part of the frame. In some implementations, the object IDs are assigned prior to the draw call, as indicated at 1404. In such implementations, the assignment of the object IDs can be implemented as part of the application processing 1302 performed by the application 665. In other implementations, the object IDs are assigned either as part of the draw call or afterwards, as indicated at 1411, 1413 and 1415.

A draw call is issued, as indicated at 1406. Graphics processing can proceed in a mostly conventional fashion through primitive processing 1408, vertex shader computations 1410, tessellation shader computations 1412, geometry shader computations 1414, rasterization/parameter interpolation 1416, pre-pixel shader Z operations 1418, pixel shader computations 1420 and post-pixel shader Z operations 1422. In some implementations, primitive IDs may be generated as part of the primitive processing 1408, for example by assigning a primitive ID of zero to the first primitive in each object and incrementing the primitive ID for each subsequent primitive. In the case of processing of tessellated objects, the primitive processing 1408 could begin by assigning a primitive ID of zero to the first patch in each object and incrementing the primitive ID for each subsequent patch. In other implementations, the primitive IDs are assigned later in the pipeline, as indicated at 1411, 1413 and 1415

For example, in certain implementations, vertex shader computations 1410 can generate the object IDs and primitive IDs as in 1411. To be specific, in cases involving instanced geometry (where primitives are drawn repeatedly as part of an object or that is drawn many times, but at different locations from frame to frame) it is desirable to have consistency between frames for objects that are redrawn over and over again by giving these objects an ID. The vertex shader 1410 (which is usually software under control of a developer) outputs an object ID for each of these instanced object, by referencing a table of object IDs stored in memory and using the instance ID as an index.

In some implementations, a vertex shader can backtrack from an object ID and a primitive identifier to determine an instance identifier for the instanced object.

In alternative implementations, the primitive IDs and object IDs may be generated as part of the tessellation computations 1412 as indicated at 1413. Specifically, the tessellation computations 1412 may generate primitive IDs for primitives by incrementing the primitive IDs for every patch input.

In other implementations primitive IDs and object IDs may be generated as part of the geometry shader computations 1414 as indicated at 1415. Specifically, the primitive ID for each input primitive received by a geometry shader can be incremented by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of output primitives supported by the object to which the input primitives belong, and the vertex shading computations 526 associated with the geometry shader or the primitive processing 523 can subsequently increment this value. In yet further implementations, the vertex shading computations 526 associated with the geometry shader could be solely responsible for generating the primitive ID. In yet further implementations, the vertex shading computations 526 associated with the geometry shader could be solely responsible for generating the primitive ID.

After vertex shader computations 1410, tessellation shader computations 1412, and geometry shader computations 1414, the rasterization/parameter interpolation 1416 determines the screen space areas contained within the primitives. In some implementations, pre-pixel shader Z operations 1418 write the primitive IDs and/or object IDs to the ID buffers 1399 in a one-to-one correspondence with Z values written into the Z Buffer.

The pixel shader computations 1420 may read the primitive IDs and/or object IDs. These may be used in a variety of ways, e.g. if primitive IDs are coherent throughout the frame, the ID buffers associated with the Z Buffer may be compared with the primitive ID as received by the pixel shader to reduce aliasing when self-shadowing. Alternatively, the primitive IDs may be used by the pixel shader to access per-primitive data tables.

In some implementations, post-pixel shader Z operations 1422 write the primitive IDs and/or object IDs to the ID buffers 1399 in a one-to-one correspondence with Z values written into the Z Buffer. ROP and framebuffer operations 1424 write the color and other values created by the pixel shader computations 1420 to the MRTs.

Subsequently, spatial/temporal analysis 1426 is performed using the Z Buffer values, color values, and values in the ID buffers 1399, in order to generate high resolution frame buffers for display (e.g., display buffers). According to some aspects, the analysis 1426 may be performed during display processing 551 in FIG. 13 using the object IDs and or primitive IDs, and the Z buffer values and color values may correspond to the color sample values and depth sample values 549 in FIG. 13, while the high resolution frame buffers for display may correspond to final display pixel values 552 in FIG. 13. Primitive and/or object IDs allow tracking of which samples are covered by which objects, within a frame it is therefore possible to have a lower resolution color buffer and assign colors to samples without color by analyzing their Z value and IDs. Consistency from frame to frame allows color values from previous frames to be used for the current frame samples for which no color has been computed.

Additional Aspects

Additional aspects of the present disclosure include a method of rendering graphics with a processor, the method comprising:

-   -   setting up a plurality of objects in a scene in virtual space,         each said object being defined by a set of vertices,     -   assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects;     -   issuing one or more draw calls to draw the objects;     -   manipulating parameter values of the vertices to generate output         vertex parameter values;     -   setting up a plurality of primitives from the vertices, each         said primitive being defined by a set of one or more of the         vertices and each said primitive belonging to one or more of the         objects;     -   rasterizing each of the primitives for a plurality of pixels;     -   writing a depth at each said pixel to a Z buffer, the Z buffer         having a first resolution;     -   writing one or more of the object identifiers to at least one ID         buffer, such that each pixel in the Z buffer is associated with         an object identifier in the ID buffer;     -   processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives to         determine a set of color values in a color buffer, the color         buffer having a second resolution that is less than the first         resolution; and     -   determining a set of display pixels for an output frame at the         resolution of the Z buffer using the color values in the color         buffer and the identifiers in the ID buffer.

In some implementations of the foregoing method the output frame is stored in a memory or displayed on a display device.

Another additional aspect is a computer-readable medium having computer executable instructions embodied therein that, when executed, implement the foregoing method.

Yet another additional aspect is as computer program product downloadable from a communication network and/or stored on a computer-readable and/or microprocessor-executable medium, characterized in that it comprises program code instructions for implementing the foregoing method.

A further aspect is an electromagnetic or other signal carrying computer-readable instructions for performing the foregoing method.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined not with reference to the above description but should, instead, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents. Any feature described herein, whether preferred or not, may be combined with any other feature described herein, whether preferred or not. In the claims that follow, the indefinite article “a”, or “an” refers to a quantity of one or more of the item following the article, except where expressly stated otherwise. The appended claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase “means for.” 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of rendering graphics with a processor, the method comprising: setting up a plurality of objects in a scene in virtual space, each said object being defined by a set of vertices, assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects; issuing one or more draw calls to draw the objects; manipulating parameter values of the vertices to generate output vertex parameter values; setting up a plurality of primitives from the vertices, each said primitive being defined by a set of one or more of the vertices and each said primitive belonging to one or more of the objects; rasterizing each of the primitives for a plurality of pixels; writing a depth at each said pixel to a Z buffer, the Z buffer having a first resolution; writing one or more of the object identifiers to at least one ID buffer, such that each pixel in the Z buffer is associated with an object identifier in the ID buffer; processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives to determine a set of color values in a color buffer, the color buffer having a second resolution that is less than the first resolution; and determining a set of display pixels for an output frame at the resolution of the Z buffer using the color values in the color buffer and the identifiers in the ID buffer.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the set of display pixels includes applying spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the one or more object identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing identifiers.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ID buffer is shared buffer.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the ID buffer is a plurality of dedicated ID buffers.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein assigning the unique object identifier includes adding an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes performing a logical OR between an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: assigning a unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives and writing the primitive identifier to the ID buffer.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining the set of display pixels includes applying spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the object identifiers and the primitive identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one ID buffer includes a dedicated object ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and a dedicated primitive ID buffer dedicated to storing primitive identifiers.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and primitive identifiers.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said manipulating the parameter values of the vertices includes manipulating the parameter values with a vertex shader and generating a primitive ID for eventual write to the ID buffer.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader by backtracking from an object identifier and a primitive identifier to determine an instance identifier for the instanced object.
 15. The method of claim 8, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said geometry shader computations, generating a primitive ID that increments by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of the geometry shader computations; receiving the primitive ID with the geometry shader; and incrementing the primitive ID with each new output primitive generated by the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: generating a primitive ID with the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives comprises, before said manipulating parameter values of the vertices: performing primitive processing operations to generate a primitive ID, and incrementing the primitive ID each time the primitive processing operations output a patch.
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing tessellation computations with a tessellation unit, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said tessellation computations, generating a primitive ID; receiving the primitive ID with the tessellation unit; and incrementing the primitive ID with each output primitive generated by the tessellation unit during the tessellation computations.
 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives.
 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein the performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading.
 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein the performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading by incrementing a primitive identifier for each input primitive by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of output primitives supported by an object with which the input primitives are associated.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives includes manipulating pixel parameter values with a pixel shader, wherein said manipulating the pixel parameter values with the pixel shader includes reading one or more of the primitive identifiers with the pixel shader.
 23. The method of claim 1, further comprising tracking the plurality of object identifiers to at least one subsequent frame subsequent to said output frame, such that object identifiers are consistently assigned to objects from frame to frame.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the setting up a plurality of objects includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the issuing the draw call includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer, whereby there is a plurality of object identifiers.
 26. The method of claim 1 wherein the assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects includes assigning the same object identifier to two or more instances of the same object in the same frame or in two or more different frames.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes using the one or more object identifiers to keep track of which primitives or pixels belong to which objects.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes using one or more of the object identifiers to provide pixel values for pixels in one frame by repeating a pixel value for the same pixel in the same object in a previous frame.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes utilizing one or more object identifiers where the same object is re-drawn multiple times in a given frame.
 30. The method of claim 1, further comprising using object identifiers to keep track of the flow of objects from frame to frame.
 31. A system comprising: a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to perform a method of rendering graphics, the method comprising: setting up a plurality of objects in a scene in virtual space, each said object being defined by a set of vertices, assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects; issuing one or more draw calls to draw the objects; manipulating parameter values of the vertices to generate output vertex parameter values; setting up a plurality of primitives from the vertices, each said primitive being defined by a set of one or more of the vertices and each said primitive belonging to one or more of the objects; rasterizing each of the primitives for a plurality of pixels; writing a depth at each said pixel to a Z buffer, the Z buffer having a first resolution; writing one or more of the object identifiers to at least one ID buffer, such that each pixel in the Z buffer is associated with an object identifier in the ID buffer; processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives to determine a set of color values in a color buffer, the color buffer having a second resolution that is less than the first resolution; and determining a set of display pixels for an output frame at the resolution of the Z buffer using the color values in the color buffer and the identifiers in the ID buffer.
 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the processor includes a central processing unit (CPU) and a graphics processing unit (GPU).
 33. The system of claim 31, further comprising a display device, wherein the method further comprises presenting the graphics on the display device.
 34. The system of claim 31, wherein the determining the set of display pixels includes applying spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the one or more object identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 35. The system of claim 31, wherein the ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing identifiers.
 36. The system of claim 31, wherein the ID buffer is shared buffer.
 37. The system of claim 31, wherein the ID buffer is a plurality of dedicated ID buffers.
 38. The system of claim 31, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes adding an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 39. The system of claim 31, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes performing a logical OR between an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 40. The system of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises: assigning a unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives and writing the primitive identifier to the ID buffer.
 41. The system of claim 40, wherein the determining the set of display pixels includes applying spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the object identifiers and the primitive identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 42. The system of claim 31, wherein the at least one ID buffer includes a dedicated object ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and a dedicated primitive ID buffer dedicated to storing primitive identifiers.
 43. The system of claim 31, wherein the at least one ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and primitive identifiers.
 44. The system of claim 31, wherein said manipulating the parameter values of the vertices includes manipulating the parameter values with a vertex shader and generating a primitive ID for eventual write to the ID buffer.
 45. The system of claim 31, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader.
 46. The system of claim 31, wherein said assigning the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader by backtracking from an object identifier and a primitive identifier to determine an instance identifier for the instanced object.
 47. The system of claim 40, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said geometry shader computations, generating a primitive ID that increments by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of the geometry shader computations; receiving the primitive ID with the geometry shader; and incrementing the primitive ID with each new output primitive generated by the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 48. The system of claim 40, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: generating a primitive ID with the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 49. The system of claim 40, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives comprises, before said manipulating parameter values of the vertices: performing primitive processing operations to generate a primitive ID, and incrementing the primitive ID each time the primitive processing operations output a patch.
 50. The system of claim 40, wherein said manipulating parameter values of the vertices comprises performing tessellation computations with a tessellation unit, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said tessellation computations, generating a primitive ID; receiving the primitive ID with the tessellation unit; and incrementing the primitive ID with each output primitive generated by the tessellation unit during the tessellation computations.
 51. The system of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives.
 52. The system of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein the performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading.
 53. The system of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises performing geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein the performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading by incrementing a primitive identifier for each input primitive by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of output primitives supported by an object with which the input primitives are associated.
 54. The system of claim 31, wherein said processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives includes manipulating pixel parameter values with a pixel shader, wherein said manipulating the pixel parameter values with the pixel shader includes reading one or more of the primitive identifiers with the pixel shader.
 55. The system of claim 31, further comprising tracking the plurality of object identifiers to at least one subsequent frame subsequent to said output frame, such that object identifiers are consistently assigned to objects from frame to frame
 56. The system of claim 31, wherein the setting up a plurality of objects includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer.
 57. The system of claim 31, wherein the issuing the draw call includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer, whereby there is a plurality of object identifiers.
 58. The system of claim 31, wherein the assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects includes assigning the same object identifier to two or more instances of the same object in the same frame or in two or more different frames.
 59. The system of claim 31, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes using the one or more object identifiers to keep track of which primitives or pixels belong to which objects.
 60. The system of claim 31, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes using one or more of the object identifiers to provide pixel values for pixels in one frame by repeating a pixel value for the same pixel in the same object in a previous frame.
 61. The system of claim 31, wherein said determining the set of display pixels includes utilizing one or more object identifiers where the same object is re-drawn multiple times in a given frame.
 62. The system of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises using object identifiers to keep track of the flow of objects from frame to frame.
 63. A graphics processing unit (GPU) comprising: an ID module configured to: receive information corresponding to a plurality of objects in a scene in virtual space, each said object being defined by a set of vertices; receive an object identifier in a command buffer for each said object in the plurality; and write the object identifier to an ID buffer; and wherein the GPU is further configured to: manipulate parameter values of the vertices to generate output vertex parameter values; set up a plurality of primitives from the vertices, each said primitive being defined by a set of one or more of the vertices and each said primitive belonging to one or more of the objects; rasterize each of the primitives for a plurality of pixels; writing a depth at each said pixel to a Z buffer, the Z buffer having a first resolution; write one or more of the object identifiers to at least one ID buffer, such that each pixel in the Z buffer is associated with an object identifier in the ID buffer; process the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives to determine a set of color values in a color buffer, the color buffer having a second resolution that is less than the first resolution; and determine a set of display pixels for an output frame at the resolution of the Z buffer using the color values in the color buffer and the identifiers in the ID buffer.
 64. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the ID module is a hardware module.
 65. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the determine the set of display pixels includes apply spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the one or more object identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 66. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing identifiers.
 67. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the ID buffer is shared buffer.
 68. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the ID buffer is a plurality of dedicated ID buffers.
 69. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes adding an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 70. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the assigning the unique object identifier includes performing a logical OR between an object identifier and a primitive identifier.
 71. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured to assign a unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives and writing the primitive identifier to the ID buffer.
 72. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said determine the set of display pixels includes apply spatial and/or temporal antialiasing using the object identifiers and the primitive identifiers in the ID buffer, in combination with the color buffer and/or Z buffer.
 73. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the at least one ID buffer includes a dedicated object ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and a dedicated primitive ID buffer dedicated to storing primitive identifiers.
 74. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the at least one ID buffer is a dedicated ID buffer dedicated to storing object identifiers and primitive identifiers.
 75. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said manipulate the parameter values of the vertices includes manipulating the parameter values with a vertex shader and generating a primitive ID for eventual write to the ID buffer.
 76. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said assign the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader.
 77. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said assign the unique object identifier includes assigning an object identifier for an instanced object with a vertex shader by backtracking from an object identifier and a primitive identifier to determine an instance identifier for the instanced object.
 78. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said manipulate parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assign the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said geometry shader computations, generate a primitive ID that increments by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of the geometry shader computations; receive the primitive ID with the geometry shader; and increment the primitive ID with each new output primitive generated by the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 79. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said manipulate parameter values of the vertices comprises performing geometry shader computations by a geometry shader, wherein said assign the unique primitive identifier comprises: generate a primitive ID with the geometry shader during the geometry shader computations.
 80. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said assign the unique primitive identifier to each of the primitives comprises, before said manipulate parameter values of the vertices: perform primitive processing operations to generate a primitive ID, and increment the primitive ID each time the primitive processing operations output a patch.
 81. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said manipulate parameter values of the vertices comprises performing tessellation computations with a tessellation unit, wherein said assigning the unique primitive identifier comprises: before said tessellation computations, generating a primitive ID; receiving the primitive ID with the tessellation unit; and incrementing the primitive ID with each output primitive generated by the tessellation unit during the tessellation computations.
 82. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured to perform geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives.
 83. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured to perform geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading.
 84. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured to perform geometry shading in which one or more output primitives are generated from one or more input primitives, wherein performing geometry shading includes generating a primitive identifier for one or more primitives generated by the geometry shading by incrementing a primitive identifier for each input primitive by a maximum amount of geometric amplification of output primitives supported by an object with which the input primitives are associated.
 85. The GPU of claim 71, wherein said processing the pixels for each of the rasterized primitives includes manipulating pixel parameter values with a pixel shader, wherein said manipulating the pixel parameter values with the pixel shader includes reading one or more of the primitive identifiers with the pixel shader.
 86. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured track the plurality of object identifiers to at least one subsequent frame subsequent to said output frame, such that object identifiers are consistently assigned to objects from frame to frame.
 87. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said set up a plurality of objects includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer.
 88. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said issue the draw call includes assigning the unique object identifier to each of the objects and writing the object identifier to an ID buffer, whereby there is a plurality of object identifiers.
 89. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said assign a unique object identifier to each of the objects includes assigning the same object identifier to two or more instances of the same object in the same frame or in two or more different frames.
 90. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said determine the set of display pixels includes use the one or more object identifier them to keep track of which primitives or pixels belong to which objects.
 91. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said determine the set of display pixels includes using one or more of the object identifiers to provide pixel values for pixels in one frame by repeating a pixel value for the same pixel in the same object in a previous frame.
 92. The GPU of claim 63, wherein said determine the set of display pixels includes utilizing one or more object identifiers where the same object is re-drawn multiple times in a given frame.
 93. The GPU of claim 63, wherein the GPU is further configured to use object identifiers to keep track of the flow of objects from frame to frame.
 94. A non-transitory computer readable medium having processor-executable instructions embodied therein, wherein execution of the instructions by a processor causes the processor to implement a method of rendering graphics with a processor as set forth in claim
 1. 95. A method of rendering one or more graphics frames with a processor, the one or more graphics frames depicting a plurality of objects, the method comprising: a) assigning a unique object identifier to each of the objects; b) for each said frame, manipulating vertices of each of the objects in virtual space, each said object including one or more primitives; c) for each said frame, converting the primitives of the objects from the virtual space to screen space, wherein the screen space comprises a plurality of depth samples and a plurality of color samples; d) for each said frame, determining a final color value of each of the color samples in screen space and a final depth value of each of the depth samples in screen space, wherein the final depth values are stored in a depth buffer and the final color values are stored in a color buffer, wherein the depth buffer has a higher resolution than the color buffer; e) for each said frame, storing at least one of the object identifiers in an ID buffer, wherein each of the final depth samples in the depth buffer are associated with one of the object identifiers in the ID buffer; f) for each said frame, determining a final set of display pixels at the higher resolution of the depth buffer using the color values in the color buffer and the object identifiers in the ID buffer. 